The penal law of Islam is called hudud in the hadith and fiqh books. This word is the plural of hadd, which means prevention, hindrance, restraint, prohibition, and hence a restrictive ordinance, or statute, of God, respecting things lawful and things unlawful. In Islamic fiqh, the word hudud is limited to punishments for crimes mentioned in the Koran or the hadith, while other punishments left to the discretion of the jurists are spoken of as ta'zir (chastisement).

The word hujjat means sign or proof. It was a high rank in the mission hierarchy of the Ismailis to denote the chief representative of the Imam. The hujjat of the Imam is like the moon, which reflects the light of the sun, i.e., the Imam, and the hujjat acts on his behalf when the Imam is concealed.

The term hujjat Allah means the sign of God. According to the Shi'ites, the Imam is the sign or proof of God (hujjat Allah) on earth. He is the bearer of Divine Light dressed in different bodies in every age to guide his followers. Imam Jafar Sadik said, "The Imams are the proofs (hujjat) of God on earth, their words are the words of God, and their commands are the commands of God. Obedience to them is obedience to God, and disobedience to them is disobedience to God.

"After the conquest of Mecca, the Muslims stayed in the city for two weeks when a news soon broke out that a big army had been mobilized in the valley of Hunain to attack Mecca and to undo the victory of the Muslims. This time the Prophet assembled a force of twelve thousand warriors, which included two thousand non-Muslim Meccans. The Prophet was forced to make necessary preparations for defence.

The word hur occurs four times in the Koran (44:54, 52:20, 55:72 and 56:22), three of which appear in connection with the adjective in (sing. Feminine ayna, masculine a'yan), meaning white-eyed with a deep black pupil. It is a plural of ahwar (applied to a man) and of haura (applied to a woman), signifying one having eyes characterizd by the quality termed hawar.

The word huruf means letters and muqattat is derived from qata'a, meaning to cut or abbreviated. Hence, Huruf-i Muqattat refers to the abbreviated letters of the Koran. It is also called fawatih al-suwar (the openers of the suras), or awa'il al-suwar (the beginnings of the suras).

It has been used in the Koran at the commencement of 29th sura and there is much controversy among the scholars in their interpretations. The huruf-i muqattat in all 14 in number as follows:

"Abu Abdullah Hussain bin Ali was born on the 3rd Shaban, 4/January, 626 in Medina. When the news of his birth reached to the Prophet, he came to his daughter's house, and took the child in his arms affectionately, and named him Hussain. He spent his early life in the lap of the Prophet, who loved him too much.

"Abu Ali Hasan, or Ali, surnamed al-Hadi was born in Cairo in 470/1076. He was about 17 years old on the eve of the death of Imam al-Mustansir, and 20 years during assumption of Imamate in 490/1097. Henceforward, the seat of Imamate transferred from Egypt to Iran owing to the bifurcation among the Ismailis, where Hasan bin Sabbah had founded the Nizarid Ismaili state in the fortress of Alamut.

The word hadith (pl. ahadith), occurring 23 times in the Koran, is a noun formed from the verb hadatha means to be new. The Hebrew hadash carries the same meaning. From this followed the use of the term for a piece of news, tale, story or a report. The story tellers were also called hudath. The Muslims since the very lifetime of the Prophet called the report with regard to his sayings as the hadith.

The word aman al-ummah means the security of the ummah. The Prophet is reported to have said: "Just as the stars are a means of securing (aman) the people of the earth against drowning, my Ahl al-Bayt is a means of securing my ummah from division" (Mustadrak, 3:149 etc.). In this context, according to ar-Risala fi l-Imama (comp.

The famous hadith states, "Ali is always with the Truth and the Truth is always with him." This tradition has been transmitted through fifteen channels. Under the commentary of al-Bismillah, Fakhruddin Razi quotes the Prophet as saying in Tafsir-i Kabir that, "And the truth turns with him (Ali) wherever way he turns" (wa dara al-haqq ma'ahu haithu dar)

HADITH-I KISA [ see AYAT AL-TATHIR ]

Hadith al-Kudsi means the sacred tradition. It is also called Hadith Ilahi or Hadith Rabbani (divine tradition). It is a class of traditions which gives words spoken by God, as distinguished from Hadith Nabawi (prophetic tradition) which gives the words of the Prophet. Hadith al-Kudsi is a report or saying transmitted by the Prophet which God speaks in the first person. These reports do not form part of the Koran.

The word manzila means rank. The Prophet took march for military operations to Tabuk during the month of Rajab of the 9th year after Hijra. He departed from Medina heading an army of 25000 soldiers aiming at the borders of Jordan. He left Ali bin Abu Talib to take his place in Medina.

There is the highly controversial episode in the last days of the Prophet's life, which is also called the Episode of Pen and Paper. The Prophet, while in his terminal illness and only days before his death, called for pen and paper. According to Bukhari (1:41), when the Prophet's illness became serious, he said, "Bring me writing materials that I may write for you something, after which you will not be led into error." Umar said, "The illness has overwhelmed the Prophet.

"Anas bin Malik related the Prophet as saying: "Surely the likeness of my Ahl al-Bayt is similar to Noah's Ark, whoever boards it will attain salvation and whoever remains behind is drowned." The word safina means ark, and thus this tradition became known as the Hadith al-Safina. This tradition is narrated by eight Companions of the Prophet, and eight persons from the disciples of the Companions, and by sixty scholars and more than ninety authors.

The word saqlain means weighty or heavy thing. In his saying, the Prophet called the Koran and Ahl al-Bayt as the weighty things, and thus this tradition became known as Hadith al-Saqlain. This tradition was spoken on four major occasions, such as at Arfat (Tirmizi, 5:328), at Ghadir Khum (Nisai, 96:79), at Prophet's Mosque in Medina (Ibn Atiyyah, 1:34) and in Prophet's chamber during his last illness (Ibn Hajar, p. 89).

The word ta'ir means a bird or a thing that flies off. Hakim in Mustadrik (3:130), Abu Nu'aym in Hilyah (6:339), etc. report that once when the Prophet sat down to eat a fowl that had been cooked for his dinner, he prayed to God: "My Lord, bring the most beloved of Your creatures, that he may eat this fowl with me." In the meantime, Ali bin Abu Talib came and the Prophet ate with him. Hence, this tradition became known as Hadith al-Ta'ir.

The word yaum al-dar means the day of the house. In the fourth year of the Prophet's mission, God commanded him to proclaim openly his call. The Koran says: "And warn thy tribe of near kindred" (26:24). Thus, the Prophet invited the chiefs of Banu Hashim to a banquet. In the end, the Prophet stood and said, "I have brought for you the best of this world and the next. God has commanded me to invite you to it.

In Ismaili tariqah when one enters the Jamatkhana, he in a bold clear voice utters Hai Zinda i.e., "He (Imam) is living." In reciprocation of which, those assembled within the prayer hall respond by pronouncing Qaim Paya i.e., (We) found (Imam) for ever." When the prayer is in progress, Hai Zinda is not pronounced aloud, but wished in the mind by those who enter the prayer hall.

When Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah was on tour of East African countries, a suit was filed against him at Bombay High Court on 1st Muharram, 1326/February 4, 1908 by Haji Bibi, the daughter of Aga Jhangi Shah and the widow of Muchul Shah (d. 1321/1903) with her son Samad Shah and Kutchuk Shah and 13 others. They claimed rights from the property of Imam Hasan Ali Shah. Haji Bibi demanded for monthly allowance, servants salaries, fooding, furniture, maintenance and car along with Rs.

"The word hajj literally means repairing to a thing for the sake of a visit (al-qasd li-l ziyara), and in the technicality of law of repairing to the House of God to observe the necessary devotions (iqamat an li-l-nusuk). The word hajj occurs nine times in the Koran in five different verse (2:189), three times in 2:196, three times; and once each in 2:197, 9:3 and 22:27.

The Trust's most recent initiative is the Historic Cities Support Programme (HCSP). It was established to promote the conservation and re-use of building and public spaces in historic cities in ways that can catalyze social, economic and cultural development. In HCSO's approach, the restoration and rehabilitation of buildings and public spaces cannot be conceived apart from broader processes of community development.

Huzur Mukhi who was sent as a guardian with the young Sayyed Imam Shah to Pirana. He is also buried at Pirana. A Granth has also been dedicated to him.

(857-922) Persian mystic influenced by ismailis and decapitated for declaring"An-al Haqq - I am the truth"; studied and translated by Massignon.

1. Horse (mystical) of Tara Rani* during Treta jug*. Was sacrificed and brought back to life during the Ghat Pat ceremony. 2. Also known as Dul dul* Hazart Ali's horse. (sv. Bourakh)

(404 - 458 A.H) declared as Pir in 448 A.H by Imam Mustansirbillah 1.After his death in Cairo in 458 A.H., his eldest son, SatGur Noor succeded him as Pir. He was a great traveller.

Contemporary of Pir Baba Hasem Shah. Great grand son of Pir Hassan Kabirdin.

See. KABIRDIN, HASSAN

Descendant of Pir Hassan Kabirdin by his son Sayyed Remtullah Shah. HE was also known as Pir Doola (m. 1792). Last Vakil*.

Died in Bombay in 1792. Descendant of Pir Hassan Kabirdin by his son Rehmtullah Shah*. Also known as Pir Doola*.

3A.H/625 - 507 A.H/671. Son of Hazart Ali and Bibi Fatima. 2nd Pir, member of Ahl-e-Bayt*. Acceded to Caliphate in 40A.H. Had 15 children. Was imprisoned by Muawiya. sv.Baqiya.

Imam Hassanali took back the Piratan after the death of Pir Ali Asgar Beg*. Later appointed Pir Mirza Qasim Ali. As per his wish, he was buried in Najaf.

(449 - 498 A.H) Dai. Born in Sirmin. Close friend of Hassan bin Sabbah*. Studiedat "Court of Dawat" and Dar-al-Hikmat*". Was found dead in 498 A.H.

Named by Imam Abd as-Salaam. Sent numerous dais to Turkey and Central Asia. Died during the Imamat of Imam Abuzar Ali.

(2nd/8th Century). (born in730 AD). Called Geber in the West. Was the pupil of Imam Jafar Sadiq. Famous alchinist and author of 3,000 works including the "Balance of Letters" sv. PaulKraus.*

(8th Century) He was a Dai sent with Abu Sufiyan to Northern Africa by Imam Jafar Sadiq in 145/762-763.